Tuesday, April 20, 2010

SAMPLE #26 WRITING TASK [AC]

SAMPLE #26 WRITING TASK 2(40 MINS)(AT LEAST 250 WORDS)(ACADEMIC)

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Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic:
News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to print in newspapers. what factors do you think influence these decisions? Do we become used to bad news? Would it be better if more good news was reported? Use your own ideas knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

SAMPLE ANSWER

lt has often been said that "Good news is bad news" because it does not sell newspapers. A radio station that once decided to present only good news soon found that it had gone out of business for lack of listeners. Bad news on the other hand is so common that in order to cope with it, we often simply ignore it. we have become immune to bad news and the newspapers and radio stations are aware of this.

While newspapers and Tv stations may aim to report world events accurately, be they natural or human disasters, political events or the horrors of war, it is also true that their main objective is to sell newspapers and attract listeners and viewers to their stations. For this reason Tv and radio stations attempt to reflect the flavour of their station by providing news broadcasts tailor-made to suit their listeners' preferences. Programmes specialising in pop music or Tv soap operas focus more on local news, home issues and up-to-date traffic reports. The more serious stations and newspapers like to provide "so called" objective news reports with editorial comment aimed at analysing the situation.

If it is true, then, that newspapers and Tv stations are tailoring their news to their readers' and viewers' requirements, how can they possibly be reporting real world events in an honest and objective light? Many radio and Tv stations do, in fact, report items of good news but they no longer call this news.They refer to these as human interest stories and package them in programs specializing for instance, in consumer affairs or local issues. Good news now comes to us in the form of documentaries the fight against children's cancer or AlDS, or the latest developments in the fight to save the planet from environmental pollution.(300 words)

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click here for SAMPLE #25[AC]              OR           click here for  SAMPLE #27[AC]
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[Note:-The questions,sample writing tasks,top 6 words,its meaning,sentences,teaching methodology & related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.The role of web page owner  is limited to finding & modifying the questions,words,sample writing tasks and editing the content for our intended purpose.The purpose of this page is to promote IELTS training and English education for free as far as possible.However , not to misuse this opportunity and to minimize the losses incur, a fee is being charged for training session conducted by the live trainer through online chat.] 

SAMPLE #25 WRITING TASK[AC]

SAMPLE #25 WRITING TASK 1(20 MINS)(AT LEAST 150 WORDS)(ACADEMIC)


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The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain.The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.




    [NOTE:- If you are unable to view this picture clearly, click here FAST FOOD]

SAMPLE ANSWER

The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups, spending more than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per person per week) than on fish and chips or pizza (both under 20 pence). Average income earners also favoured hamburgers,spending 33 pence per person per week, followed by fish and chips at 24 pence,then pizza at 11 pence. Low income earners appear to spend less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips remains their most popular fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza.

From the graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were twice as popular as burgers, pizza being at that time the least popular fast food. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza has risen steadily over the 20 year period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips has been in decline over that same period with a slight increase in popularity since 1985.(165 words)

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click here for  SAMPLE #24[GT]                 OR        click here for SAMPLE #26[AC]    
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[Note:-The questions,sample writing tasks,top 6 words,its meaning,sentences,teaching methodology & related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.The role of web page owner  is limited to finding & modifying the questions,words,sample writing tasks and editing the content for our intended purpose.The purpose of this page is to promote IELTS training and English education for free as far as possible.However , not to misuse this opportunity and to minimize the losses incur, a fee is being charged for training session conducted by the live trainer through online chat.] 

Thursday, April 15, 2010

TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 31 to 35]


 The objective of this section is to find new words to enable us to use it while speaking or writing.Priority should be given to learn at least 3 of it and use it in the suitable context by making it a daily habit just like drinking water.These words are taken from daily top 6 news headlines.WATCH THIS SPACE EVERYDAY FOR NEW 6 WORDS .DO LEARN IT & TRY TO USE IT.Thank you,Raj
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GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 31] 16-APR-2010
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 26 to 30]
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 1 to 5] 
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philanthropist[fi.lan.thro.pist]
someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being
n. pl. phi·lan·thro·pies
1. The effort or inclination to increase the well-being of humankind, as by charitable aid or donations.
2. Love of humankind in general.
3. Something, such as an activity or institution, intended to promote human welfare.
He is a philanthropist and patron of the arts.
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Mum's the word:(idiom)
To keep quiet. To say nothing.
a pledge not to reveal a secret or to tell about something or someone. "Mum's the word," said Jane to ease Mary's mind about her secret.
something that you say which means something should be kept secret .I think I'm pregnant, but mum's the word until I know for sure.
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reveal[re·veel]
unveil or bare
tr.v. re·vealed, re·veal·ing, re·veals
1.
a. To make known (something concealed or secret): revealed a confidence.
b. To bring to view; show.All their secrets have been revealed.
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charisma[ka·ris·ma]
n
1. a special personal quality or power of an individual making him capable of influencing or inspiring large numbers of people
2. a quality inherent in a thing which inspires great enthusiasm and devotion
a television news program famed for the charisma of its anchors.
charismatic adj.
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contrast[kun.tras]
v. con·trast·ed, con·trast·ing, con·trasts
v.tr.
To set in opposition in order to show or emphasize differences: an essay that contrasts city and country life; contrasted this computer with inferior models.
v.intr.
1. To show differences when compared: siblings who contrast sharply in interests and abilities; a color that contrasted clearly with the dark background.
contrastable  adj contrastably  adv contrasting  adj  contrastive  adj contrastively  adv
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pursue[per·su]
v. pur·sued, pur·su·ing, pur·sues
v.tr.
1. To follow in an effort to overtake or capture; chase: a fox that was pursued by hounds.
2. To strive to gain or accomplish: pursue lofty political goals.
3. To proceed along the course of; follow: a ship that pursued the southern course.
4. To carry further; advance: Let's not pursue this argument.
5. To be engaged in (a vocation or hobby, for example).
6. To court: a lady who was pursued by many suitors.
7. To continue to torment or afflict; haunt: was pursued by the demons of lust and greed.
v.intr.
1. To follow in an effort to overtake or capture; chase.
2. To carry on; continue.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 32] 17-APR-2010
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urge[arj]
v. urged, urg·ing, urg·es
v.tr.
1. To force or drive forward or onward; impel.
2. To entreat earnestly and often repeatedly; exhort.
3. To advocate earnestly the doing, consideration, or approval of; press for: urge passage of the bill; a speech urging moderation.
4. To stimulate; excite: "It urged him to an intensity like madness"
5. To move or impel to action, effort, or speed; spur.
v.intr.
1. To exert an impelling force; push vigorously.
2. To present a forceful argument, claim, or case.
n.
1. The act of urging.
2.
a. An impulse that prompts action or effort: suppressed an urge to laugh.we urged him to surrender
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deed[deed]
n.
1. Something that is carried out; an act or action.
2. A usually praiseworthy act; a feat or exploit.
3. Action or performance in general: Deeds, not words, matter most.
tr.v. deed·ed, deed·ing, deeds
To transfer by means of a deed: deeded the property to the children."I have been hearing about his deeds after he became a minister," PM told reporters.
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seek[si.k]
v. sought (sôt), seek·ing, seeks
v.tr.
1. To try to locate or discover; search for.
2. To endeavor to obtain or reach: seek a college education.
3. To go to or toward: Water seeks its own level.
4. To inquire for; request: seek directions from a police officer.
5. To try; endeavor: seek to do good.
6. Obsolete To explore.
v.intr.
To make a search or investigation: Seek and you will find.
He is seeking (for) an answer; Seeking people's support for the success of the protest call given by 13 parties against the price rise,the correspondent said all these parties would exert pressure on PM to roll back the prices of petroleum products and fertilisers.
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hike[hy.k]
v. hiked, hik·ing, hikes
v.intr.
1. To go on an extended walk for pleasure or exercise.
2. To rise, especially to rise upward out of place: My coat had hiked up in the back.
v.tr.
1. To increase or raise in amount, especially abruptly: shopkeepers who hiked their prices for the tourist trade.
2. To pull or raise with a sudden motion; hitch: hiked myself onto the stone wall; hiked up her knee socks.
3. Football To snap (the ball).
n.
1. A long walk or march.
2. An often abrupt increase or rise: a price hike.
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adopt[a.dopt]
r.v. a·dopt·ed, a·dopt·ing, a·dopts
1. To take into one's family through legal means and raise as one's own child.
2.
a. To take and follow (a course of action, for example) by choice or assent: adopt a new technique.
b. To take up and make one's own: adopt a new idea.
3. To take on or assume: adopted an air of importance.
4. To vote to accept: adopt a resolution.
5. To choose as standard or required in a course: adopt a new line of English textbooks.
adoptee  n adoption  n
The foriegn universities would adopt the franchise system for opening their branches in our country.
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adapt[a.dapt]
v. a·dapt·ed, a·dapt·ing, a·dapts
v.tr.
To make suitable to or fit for a specific use or situation.
v.intr.
To become adapted: a species that has adapted well to winter climes.
adaptable  adj adaptability , adaptableness n adaptive  adj
She always adapted easily to new circumstances; He has adapted the play for television.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 33] 18-APR-2010
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significance[sig·nif·i·kance]
n.
1. The state or quality of being significant. or importance.
2. A meaning that is expressed.
3. A covert or implied meaning. or  meaning.
According to analysts, the arrival of foreign universities would reduce the significance of the country's prominent research institutes.
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Nest Egg:(
idiom)
Savings set aside for future use.
n
1. a fund of money kept in reserve; savings.They have a little nest egg put away for a rainy day.(here rainy day means when income is less or tougher days of living)
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prominent[prom·i·nent]
adj.
1. Projecting outward or upward from a line or surface; protuberant.
2. Immediately noticeable; conspicuous. or noticeable.
3. Widely known; eminent.
prominently  adv prominentness  n  The tower is a prominent landmark.
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oppose[op·pose]
v. op·posed, op·pos·ing, op·pos·es
v.tr.
1. To be in contention or conflict with: oppose the enemy force. or combat
2. To be resistant to: opposes new ideas.
3. To place opposite in contrast or counterbalance.
4. To place so as to be opposite something else.
v
1 to resist or fight against (someone or something) by force or argument
2 to act or compete agains
v.intr.
To act or be in opposition.opposing  adj opposingly  adv oppositive  adj
We oppose the government on this matter.Who is opposing him in the election?
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insurgency[in·ser·gen·cy]
n. pl. in·sur·gen·cies
1. The quality or circumstance of being rebellious.
2. An instance of rebellion; an insurgence.
1. the state or condition of being in revolt or insurrection.
2. an uprising.  insurgent, n., adj. or war
The minister said that the state governments have the primary responsibility of combating terrorists insurgency.
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debate[de·bate]
v. de·bat·ed, de·bat·ing, de·bates
v.intr.
1. To consider something; deliberate.
2. To engage in argument by discussing opposing points.
3. To engage in a formal discussion or argument.or discuss.
4. Obsolete To fight or quarrel.
v.tr.
1. To deliberate on; consider.
2. To dispute or argue about.
3. To discuss or argue (a question, for example) formally.
4. Obsolete To fight or argue for or over.
n.
1. A discussion involving opposing points; an argument.
2. Deliberation; consideration: passed the motion with little debate.
3. A formal contest of argumentation in which two opposing teams defend and attack a given proposition.
4. Obsolete Conflict; strife.
The minister's remarks followed a heated debate in the two houses of parliament.He debated with himself whether to go.Parliament will debate the question tomorrow.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 34] 19-APR-2010
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massacre[mas·sa·ker]
n.
1. The act or an instance of killing a large number of humans indiscriminately and cruelly.
2. The slaughter of a large number of animals.
3. (Informal) A severe defeat, as in a sports event.
tr.v. mas·sa·cred , mas·sa·cring , mas·sa·cres
1. To kill indiscriminately and wantonly; slaughter.
2. (Informal) To defeat decisively.
3. (Informal) To botch; bungle: massacred the French language trying to order dinner.
The terrorists massacred 76 security personnel in X on April 6.
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New York Minute:(idiom)
A minute that seems to go by quickly, especially in a fast paced environment.
An extremely short period of time:a very short time (as the time it takes the eye to blink or the heart to beat);
In what seemed like a New York minute, prices of luxury homes in the area suddenly started to fall.
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curb[kurb]
n curb
1 something which restrains or controls We'll have to put a curb on his enthusiasm.
2 (American) a kerb.
v
to hold back, restrain or control You must curb your spending.
tr.v. curbed, curb·ing, curbs
1. To check, restrain, or control as if with a curb; rein in. or restrain.
2. To lead (a dog) off the sidewalk into the gutter so that it can excrete waste.
3. To furnish with a curb.
The minister said that our policy is very clear and referred to a party resolution that urges the government to give the highest priority to curb terrorism but underlines the social economic policies as well.
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compassion[kum·pas·sion]
n.
Deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled with the wish to relieve it. or pity.
he humane quality of understanding the suffering of others and wanting to do something about it.
adj com'passionate
He said the recent attack should make us more determined to fight terrorists and more compassionate for the development of poor.
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lose your nerve(idiom)
to fear doing something. Tom lost his nerve and wouldn't try to ski down the hill.
get on your nerves(idiom)
to annoy someone a lot .Sometimes watching TV really gets on my nerves because of all the advertisment.
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annoy[an·noy]
tr.v. an·noyed, an·noy·ing, an·noys
1. To cause slight irritation to (another) by troublesome, often repeated acts.
2. To harass or disturb by repeated attacks.
to make (someone) rather angry or impatient .Please go away and stop annoying me!
n an'noyance
1 something which annoys That noise has been an annoyance to me for weeks!
2 the state of being annoyed .He was red in the face with annoyance.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 35] 20-APR-2010
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initiate[in·i·shi·ate ]
tr.v. in·i·ti·at·ed, in·i·ti·at·ing, in·i·ti·ates
1. To set going by taking the first step; begin: initiated trade with developing nations. or begin.
2. To introduce to a new field, interest, skill, or activity.
3. To admit into membership, as with ceremonies or ritual.
v
1. to begin or originate
2. to accept (new members) into an organization such as a club, through often secret ceremonies
3. to teach fundamentals to .she initiated him into the ballet
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tackle[tack.el]
v. tack·led, tack·ling, tack·les
v.tr.
1. To grab hold of and wrestle with (an opponent).
n.
1. The equipment used in a particular activity, especially in fishing; gear.
He tackled the problem; She tackled the teacher about her child's work.
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No Dice:(idiom)
To not agree. To not accept a proposition.
no; not possible. When I asked about a loan, he said, "No dice." No. It can't be done, no dice.
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eliminate[e·lim·i·nate]
tr.v. e·lim·i·nat·ed, e·lim·i·nat·ing, e·lim·i·nates
1. To get rid of; remove: an effort to eliminate homelessness; eliminated his enemies.
2.
a. To leave out or omit from consideration; reject.
b. To remove from consideration by defeating, as in a contest.
eliminable  adj eliminability  n  eliminant  n  eliminative , eliminatory adj eliminator  n
He was eliminated from the table tennis match in the first round.
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extinguish[ex·tin·gwish]
tr.v. ex·tin·guished, ex·tin·guish·ing, ex·tin·guish·es
1. To put out (a fire, for example); quench.
2. To put an end to (hopes, for example); destroy. or abolish.
vb (tr)
1. to put out or quench (a light, flames, etc.)
2. to remove or destroy entirely; annihilate Please extinguish your cigarettes.extinguished their title to the property.
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savvy[sav·vy]
dj. sav·vi·er, sav·vi·est
Well informed and perceptive; shrewd: savvy Washington insiders.
n.
Practical understanding or shrewdness: a banker known for financial savvy.
vb -vies, -vying, -vied
1. to understand or get the sense of (an idea, etc.)
no savvy I don't (he doesn't, etc.) understand
n
comprehension
adj -vier, -viest   
Chiefly US shrewd; well-informed
He is known for his political savvy.
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EXTRA WORDS PART 1
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alter[al·ter]
v. al·tered, al·ter·ing, al·ters
v.tr.
1. To change or make different; modify: altered my will.
2. To adjust (a garment) for a better fit.
3. To castrate or spay (an animal, such as a cat or a dog).
v.intr.
To change or become different.The alterations she has made to the movie have not improved it.
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adjust[ad·just]
v. ad·just·ed, ad·just·ing, ad·justs
v.tr.
1. To change so as to match or fit; cause to correspond.
2. To bring into proper relationship.
3. To adapt or conform, as to new conditions
4. To bring the components of into a more effective or efficient calibration or state: adjust the timing of a car's engine.
5. In chiropracty, to manipulate (the spine and other body structures) to treat disorders and restore normal function of the nervous system.
6. To decide how much is to be paid on (an insurance claim).
v.intr.
1. To adapt oneself; conform.
2. To achieve a psychological balance with regard to one's external environment, one's needs, and the demands of others.
He soon adjusted to his new way of life.This car has adjustable seats.
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cure[ku.er]
n.
1. Restoration of health; recovery from disease.
2. A method or course of medical treatment used to restore health.
3. An agent, such as a drug, that restores health; a remedy.
4. Something that corrects or relieves a harmful or disturbing situation: The cats proved to be a good cure for our mouse problem.
v. cured, cur·ing, cures
v.tr.
1. To restore to health.
2. To effect a recovery from: cure a cold.
3. To remove or remedy (something harmful or disturbing): cure an evil.
v.intr.
1. To effect a cure or recovery: a medicine that cures.
An operation finally cured his shin injury.There is still no cure for the AIDS.
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demote[de·mote]
tr.v. de·mot·ed, de·mot·ing, de·motes
To reduce in grade, rank, or status.
v demote [diˈməut]
to reduce to a lower rank He was demoted for misconduct.
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disappear[dis·ap·pear]
v. dis·ap·peared, dis·ap·pear·ing, dis·ap·pears
v.intr.
1. To pass out of sight; vanish.
2. To cease to exist.
v.tr.
To cause (someone) to disappear, especially by kidnapping or murder.The problem should disappear altogether by the age of five.
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dissolve[dis·solve]
v. dis·solved, dis·solv·ing, dis·solves
v.tr.
1. To cause to pass into solution: dissolve salt in water.
2. To dismiss (a legislative body, for example): dissolved parliament and called for new elections.
3. To cause to break down emotionally or psychologically; upset.
4. To cause to lose definition; blur; confuse
v.intr.
1. To pass into solution.
2. To become liquid; melt.
3. To break up or disperse.
4. To become disintegrated; disappear.
5. To be overcome emotionally or psychologically: I dissolved into helpless laughter.
6. To lose clarity or definition; fade away.
7. To shift shots in a motion-picture film or videotape by having one shot fade out while the next appears behind it and grows clearer as the first one dims.
He dissolved the pills in water; The pills dissolved easily in water.the dissolution of Parliament.
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exchange[eks.change]
v. ex·changed, ex·chang·ing, ex·chang·es
v.tr.
1. To give in return for something received; trade: exchange dollars for francs; exchanging labor for room and board.
2. To give and receive reciprocally; interchange: exchange gifts; exchange ideas.
3. To give up for a substitute: exchange a position in the private sector for a post in government.
v.intr.
1. To give something in return for something received; make an exchange.
2. To be received in exchange: At that time the British pound exchanged for $2.80.
n.
1. The act or an instance of exchanging: a prisoner exchange; an exchange of greetings.
2. One that is exchanged.
3. A place where things are exchanged, especially a center where securities or commodities are bought and sold: a stock exchange.
4. A telephone exchange.
5.
a. A system of payments using instruments, such as negotiable drafts, instead of money.
b. The fee or percentage charged for participating in such a system of payment.
6. A bill of exchange.
7. A rate of exchange.
8. The amount of difference in the actual value of two or more currencies or between values of the same currency at two or more places.
9. A dialogue: a heated exchange between the two in-laws.
Can you exchange a dollar note for two 50-cent pieces?They exchanged amused glances.He gave me a pencil in exchange for the marble; An exchange of opinions is helpful.An angry exchange took place between the two brothers when their father's will was read.
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expand[ek.spand]
v. ex·pand·ed, ex·pand·ing, ex·pands
v.tr.
1. To increase the size, volume, quantity, or scope of; enlarge: expanded her store by adding a second room. or increase.
2. To express at length or in detail; enlarge on: expanded his remarks afterward.
3. To open (something) up or out; spread out: The bird expanded its wings and flew off.
4. Mathematics To write (a quantity) as a sum of terms in an extended form.
v.intr.
1. To become greater in size, volume, quantity, or scope: Air expands when heated. This critic's influence is expanding.
2. To speak or write at length or in detail: expand on a favorite topic.
3. To open up or out; unfold: The chair expands to form a day bed.
4. To feel expansive.
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fade[fayd]
v. fad·ed, fad·ing, fades
v.intr.
1. To lose brightness, loudness, or brilliance gradually; dim: The lights and music faded as we set sail from the harbor.
2. To lose freshness; wither: summer flowers that had faded.
3. To lose strength or vitality; wane: youthful energy that had faded over the years.
4. To disappear gradually; vanish: a hope that faded. or  disappear.
v.tr.
1. To cause to lose brightness, freshness, or strength: Exposure to sunlight has faded the carpet.
n.
1. A gradual diminution or increase in the brightness or visibility of an image in cinema or television.
2. A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.The noise gradually faded (away).
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increase[in.krease]
v. in·creased, in·creas·ing, in·creas·es
v.intr.
1. To become greater or larger.
2. To multiply; reproduce.
v.tr.
To make greater or larger.
1.  The act of increasing: a steady increase in temperature.
2. The amount or rate by which something is increased: a tax increase of 15 percent.
3. Obsolete Reproduction and spread; propagation.
The number of children in this school has increased greatly in recent years.
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promote[pro·mote]
tr.v. pro·mot·ed, pro·mot·ing, pro·motes
1.
a. To raise to a more important or responsible job or rank.
b. To advance (a student) to the next higher grade.
2. To contribute to the progress or growth of; further. or advance.
3. To urge the adoption of; advocate: promote a constitutional amendment.
4. To attempt to sell or popularize by advertising or publicity: commercials promoting a new product.
5. To help establish or organize (a new enterprise), as by securing financial backing: promote a Broadway show.
He was promoted to head clerk.He worked hard to promote the new scheme.We are promoting a new brand of washing machine.
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reduce[re.dyuse]
v. re·duced, re·duc·ing, re·duc·es
v.tr.
1. To bring down, as in extent, amount, or degree; diminish. See Synonyms at decrease.
2. To bring to a humbler, weaker, difficult, or forced state or condition; especially:
a. To gain control of; conquer:
b. To subject to destruction: Enemy bombers reduced the city to rubble.
c. To weaken bodily: was reduced almost to emaciation.
d. To sap the spirit or mental energy of.
e. To compel to desperate acts: The Depression reduced many to begging on street corners.
f. To lower in rank or grade. See Synonyms at demote.
g. To powder or pulverize.
h. To thin (paint) with a solvent.
3. To lower the price of: The store has drastically reduced winter coats.
4. To put in order or arrange systematically.
5. To separate into orderly components by analysis.
v.intr.
1. To become diminished.
2. To lose weight, as by dieting.
The company reduced its prices; The bus reduced speed.I must reduce to get into that dress.The bombs reduced the city to ruins;He was so angry, he was almost reduced to tears; During the famine, many people were reduced to eating grass and leaves.
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renew[re.nyu]
v. re·newed, re·new·ing, re·news
v.tr.
1. To make new or as if new again; restore: renewed the antique chair.
2. To take up again; resume: renew an old friendship; renewed the argument.
3. To repeat so as to reaffirm: renew a promise.
4. To regain or restore the physical or mental vigor of; revive: I renewed my spirits in the country air.
5.
a. To arrange for the extension of: renew a contract; renew a magazine subscription.
b. To arrange to extend the loan of: renewed the library books before they were overdue.
6. To replenish: renewed the water in the humidifier.
7. To bring into being again; reestablish.
v.intr.
1. To become new again.
2. To start over.
He renewed his efforts; We must renew our attack on drug abuse.My television licence has to be renewed in October.
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renovate[reno.wait]
tr.v. ren·o·vat·ed, ren·o·vat·ing, ren·o·vates
1. To restore to an earlier condition, as by repairing or remodeling.
2. To impart new vigor to; revive.to make as good as new again to renovate an old building.
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replace[re.plase]
tr.v. re·placed, re·plac·ing, re·plac·es
1. To put back into a former position or place.
2. To take or fill the place of.
3. To be or provide a substitute for.
4. To pay back or return; refund.
 must replace that broken lock; He replaced the plate he broke with a new one; Cars have replaced buses as the normal means of transport.Please replace the books on the shelves.
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swell[sw.yel]
v. swelled, swelled or swol·len
v.intr.
1. To increase in size or volume as a result of internal pressure; expand.
2.
a. To increase in force, size, number, or degree: Membership in the club swelled.
b. To grow in loudness or intensity: "The din in front swelled to a tremendous chorus" (Stephen Crane).
3. To bulge out, as a sail.
4.
a. To rise or extend above the surrounding level, as clouds.
b. To rise in swells, as the sea.
5.
a. To be or become filled or puffed up, as with pride, arrogance, or anger.
b. To rise from within: Rage swelled within me.
v.tr.
1. To cause to increase in volume, size, number, degree, or intensity: The governor's full public disclosure only swelled the chorus of protests.
2. To fill with emotion.
n.
1.
a. The act or process of swelling.
b. The condition of being swollen.
2. A swollen part; a bulge or protuberance.
3. A long wave on water that moves continuously without breaking.
4. A rise in the land; a rounded elevation.
5. Informal One who is fashionably dressed or socially prominent: society swells.
The insect-bite made her finger swell; The continual rain had swollen the river; I invited her to join us on the excursion in order to swell the numbers.The toothache made her face swell up.The sea looked fairly calm but there was a heavy swell.
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switch[swy.ich]
n.
1. A slender flexible rod, stick, or twig, especially one used for whipping.
2. The bushy tip of the tail of certain animals: a cow's switch.
3. A thick strand of real or synthetic hair used as part of a coiffure.
4. A flailing or lashing, as with a slender rod.
5. A device used to break or open an electric circuit or to divert current from one conductor to another.
6. A device consisting of two sections of railroad track and accompanying apparatus used to transfer rolling stock from one track to another.
7.
a. The act or process of operating a switching device.
b. The result achieved by such an act.
8. An exchange or a swap, especially one done secretly.
9. A transference or shift, as of opinion or attention.
v. switched, switch·ing, switch·es
v.tr.
1. To shift, transfer, or divert: switched the conversation to a lighter subject.
2. To exchange: asked her brother to switch seats with her.
3. To connect, disconnect, or divert (an electric current) by operating a switch.
4. To cause (an electric current or appliance) to begin or cease operation: switched the lights on and off.
5. To move (rolling stock) from one track to another; shunt.
v.intr.
1. To make or undergo a shift or an exchange: The office has switched to shorter summer hours.
2. To swish sharply from side to side.
he switch is down when the power is on and up when it's off; He couldn't find the light-switch.He switched the lever to the `off' position; Let's switch over to another programme; Having considered that problem, they switched their attention to other matters.
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transform[trans·form]
v. trans·formed, trans·form·ing, trans·forms
v.tr.
1. To change markedly the appearance or form of
2. To change the nature, function, or condition of; convert. See Synonyms at convert.
v.intr.
To undergo a transformation.
He transformed the old bathroon into a beautiful one; Her marriage has transformed her.The event caused a transformation in his character.
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vary[var·y]
v. var·ied, var·y·ing, var·ies
v.tr.
1. To make or cause changes in the characteristics or attributes of; modify or alter.
2. To give variety to; make diverse: vary one's diet.
3. To introduce under new aspects; express in a different manner: vary a musical tempo.
v.intr.
1. To undergo or show change: The temperature varied throughout the day.
2. To be different; deviate: vary from established patterns of behavior. OR differ.
3. To undergo successive or alternate changes in attributes or qualities.
These apples vary in size from small to medium.The machine works at a variable speed.He has had a very varied career.
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||     ####  END OF TOP 6 WORDS SERIES ####               -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 26 to 30]
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 1 to 5]
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[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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Saturday, April 10, 2010

TOP 6 WORDS [DAY 26 to 30]


 The objective of this section is to find new words to enable us to use it while speaking or writing.Priority should be given to learn at least 3 of it and use it in the suitable context by making it a daily habit just like drinking water.These words are taken from daily top 6 news headlines.WATCH THIS SPACE EVERYDAY FOR NEW 6 WORDS .DO LEARN IT & TRY TO USE IT.Thank you,Raj
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GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 26] 11-APR-2010
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 31 to 35]
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 21 to 25] 
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amidst[a.mid(st)]
prep amid, amidst
in the middle of; among Amid all the confusion, the real point of the meeting was lost; amidst the shadows.
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rival[ry.val]
n.
1. One who attempts to equal or surpass another, or who pursues the same object as another; a competitor.
2. One that equals or almost equals another in a particular respect.
3. Obsolete A companion or an associate in a particular duty.
v. ri·valed or ri·valled, ri·val·ing or ri·val·ling, ri·vals
v.tr.
1. To attempt to equal or surpass.
2. To be the equal of; match.
v.intr.
To be a competitor or rival; compete.  she is without rival in the field of economics.For students of English, this dictionary is without a rival; The two brothers are rivals for the girl next door – they both want to marry her; (also adjective ) rival companies; rival teams.
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utopia[u·to·pi·a ]
n.
1.
a. often Utopia An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects.
b. A work of fiction describing a utopia.
2. An impractical, idealistic scheme for social and political reform.
However, the film turned into a celluloid utopia, gravely neglecting the gross realities.
n Utopia
an imaginary country that has a perfect social and political system.
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It's A Small World:(idiom)
You frequently see the same people in different places.
something that you say when you discover that someone knows a person that you know
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intrigue[in.treeg]
n.
1.
a. A secret or underhand scheme; a plot.
b. The practice of or involvement in such schemes.
2. A clandestine love affair.
v. (n-trg) in·trigued, in·trigu·ing, in·trigues
v.intr.
To engage in secret or underhand schemes; plot.
v.tr.
1. To effect by secret scheming or plotting.
2. To arouse the interest or curiosity of: The book intrigued me. He became president as a result of (a) political intrigue.curious or amusing an intriguing idea.
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Its Anyone's Call:
(idiom)
A competition where the outcome is difficult to judge or predict.
"Who do you think will win this election?" Answer: "Its anyone's call." {also: Too close to call}
To "call" something here means to make a decision about it.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 27] 12-APR-2010
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modus operandi   (Abbr. MO) (from Latin)
n. pl. mo·di operandi
1.  A method of operating or functioning.
2. A person's manner of working.How did he face the villains? What is his modus operandi to realize his goal of transforming the state into a sort of Platonic Utopia?
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histrionics[his·tri·on·ics]
n.
1. (used with a pl. verb) Theatrical arts or performances.
2. (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Exaggerated emotional behavior calculated for effect.
The new actor has certainly lived up to the expectations of the audiences with his looks and thoroughly trained histrionics.
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foray[for·ay ]
n.
1. A sudden raid or military advance.
2. A venture or an initial attempt, especially outside one's usual area: an actor's foray into politics.
v. for·ayed, for·ay·ing, for·ays
v.intr.
1. To make a raid.
2. To make inroads, as for profit or adventure.
v.tr. Archaic
To pillage in search of spoils.
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juxtapose[jax·ta·pose]
tr.v. jux·ta·posed, jux·ta·pos·ing, jux·ta·pos·es
To place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.
juxtaposition  n
juxtapositional  adj
Oversized color photos juxtapose human figures and faces in counterpoint to nature and seasonal change in this striking contemporary survey of human relationships to the elements.
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Keep your chin up:
(idiom)
To remain joyful in a tough situation.
"Keep your chin up. Don't take your troubles to bed with you - hang them on a chair with your trousers or drop them in a glass of water with your teeth."
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rampant[ram·pant ]
adj.
1. Extending unchecked; unrestrained: a rampant growth of weeds in the neglected yard.
2. Occurring without restraint and frequently, widely, or menacingly; rife: a rampant epidemic; rampant corruption in city government.
Just like any other film, the director concentrated on the much used and abused subject of rampant corruption.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 28] 13-APR-2010
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annul[an·nul]
tr.v. an·nulled, an·nul·ling, an·nuls
1. To make or declare void or invalid, as a marriage or a law; nullify.
2. To obliterate the effect or existence of.
The  government on Sunday yielded to pressure and annulled the contract awarded to its neighbouring country for printing Machine Readable Passport.
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jurisdiction[ju·ris·dic·tion]
n.
1. Law The right and power to interpret and apply the law: courts having jurisdiction in this district.
2.
a. Authority or control: islands under U.S. jurisdiction; a bureau with jurisdiction over Native American affairs.
b. The extent of authority or control: a family matter beyond the school's jurisdiction.
3. The territorial range of authority or control.
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conclusion[con·clu·sion]
n.
1. The close or last part; the end or finish.
2. The result or outcome of an act or process.
3. A judgment or decision reached after deliberation.
4. A final arrangement or settlement, as of a treaty.
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ambit[am·bit]
n.
1. An external boundary; a circuit.
2. Sphere or scope.
3. range.
Whatever police does has to be in the ambit of the law.
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perpetuate[per·pet·u·ate]
tr.v. per·pet·u·at·ed, per·pet·u·at·ing, per·pet·u·ates
1. To cause to continue indefinitely; make perpetual.
2. To prolong the existence of; cause to be remembered: The new library will perpetuate its founder's great love of learning.
This issue has been needlessly perpetuated.
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Last but not least:
(idiom)
An introduction phrase to let the audience know that the last person mentioned is no less important than those introduced before him/her.
in addition to all the foregoing; "last not least he plays the saxophone"
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 29] 14-APR-2010
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antique[an·teek]
adj.
1. Belonging to, made in, or typical of an earlier period.
2. Of or belonging to ancient times, especially of, from, or characteristic of ancient Greece or Rome.
3. Of or dealing in antiques.
4. Old-fashioned: wore a suit of rather antique appearance.
n.
1. An object having special value because of its age, especially a domestic item or piece of furniture or handicraft esteemed for its artistry, beauty, or period of origin.
2. The style or manner of ancient times, especially that of ancient Greek or Roman art: an admirer of the antique.
v. an·tiqued, an·tiqu·ing, an·tiques
v.tr.
To give the appearance of an antique to: antiqued an oak chest.
v.intr.
To hunt or shop for antiques.
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whereabouts[where·a·bouts]
adv.
About where; in, at, or near what location: Whereabouts do you live?
n. (used with a sing. or pl. verb)
Approximate location: Her whereabouts are still unknown.
I questioned him about his whereabouts on the night of the crime.
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explore[ex·plore]
v. ex·plored, ex·plor·ing, ex·plores
v.tr.
1. To investigate systematically; examine: explore every possibility.
2. To search into or travel in for the purpose of discovery: exploring outer space.
3. Medicine To examine for diagnostic purposes.
v.intr.
To make a careful examination or search: scientists who have been known to explore in this region of the earth.
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predict [pre·dict]
v. pre·dict·ed, pre·dict·ing, pre·dicts
v.tr.
To state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge.
v.intr.
To foretell something; prophesy.Synonyms:  predict, call, forecast, foretell, prognosticate
predictable  adj
predictability , predictableness n
predictably  adv
She read the sky and predicted rain.
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empathize[em·pa·thice]
intr.v. em·pa·thized, em·pa·thiz·ing, em·pa·thiz·es
To feel or experience empathy: empathized with the striking miners.
empathize
verb
empathize with identify with, understand, relate to, feel for, sympathize with, have a rapport with, feel at one with, be on the same wavelength as I empathize with anyone who has gone through that trauma.
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Lend Me Your Ear:
(idiom)
To politely ask for someone's full attention.
to listen carefully and in a friendly way to someone, especially someone who is telling you about a problem If you have any problems, go to Claire. She'll always lend a sympathetic ear.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 30] 15-APR-2010
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reckon[reck·un]
v. reck·oned, reck·on·ing, reck·ons
v.tr.
1. To count or compute: reckon the cost. or  calculate.
2. To consider as being; regard as. or consider.
3. (Informal) To think or assume.
v.intr.
1. To make a calculation; figure.
2. To rely with confident expectancy. or rely.
3. (Informal) To think or assume.
Phrasal Verbs:
reckon with
To take into account or deal with: a man to be reckoned with.
reckon without
To fail to consider or deal with; ignore.
I reckon her with the angels.he is reckoned clever.I reckon you don't know where to go next.she was sensitive to bad reviews, even from people she did not reckon.
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croon[kroone]
v. crooned, croon·ing, croons
v.intr.
1. To hum or sing softly.
2. To sing popular songs in a soft, sentimental manner.
3. Scots To roar or bellow.
v.tr.
To sing softly or in a humming way: crooning a lullaby.
n.
A soft singing or humming.The man was crooning soft words of encouragement to his wife.
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midst[mid.st]
n.
1. The middle position or part; the center: in the midst of the desert.
2. A position of proximity to others: a stranger in our midst.
3. The condition of being surrounded or beset by something: in the midst of all of our problems.
4. A period of time approximately in the middle of a continuing condition or act: in the midst of the war.
prep.
Among; amid.
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bland
adj. bland·er, bland·est
1. Characterized by a moderate, unperturbed, or tranquil quality, especially:
a. Pleasant in manner; smooth: a bland smile.
b. Not irritating or stimulating; soothing: a bland diet.
c. Exhibiting no personal worry, embarrassment, or concern: told a series of bland lies.
2.
a. Dull and insipid: a bland little drama.
b. Having little or no distinctive flavor: bland cooking.
blandly  adv
blandness  n
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irony[i.rany]
n. pl. i·ro·nies
1.
a. The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning.
b. An expression or utterance marked by a deliberate contrast between apparent and intended meaning.
c. A literary style employing such contrasts for humorous or rhetorical effect. 

2.
a. Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs: "Hyde noted the irony of Ireland's copying the nation she most hated" (Richard Kain).
b. An occurrence, result, or circumstance notable for such incongruity. .
3. Dramatic irony.
4. Socratic irony.
n pl -nies
1. the humorous or mildly sarcastic use of words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean
2. an instance of this, used to draw attention to some incongruity or irrationality
3. incongruity between what is expected to be and what actually is, or a situation or result showing such incongruity.
The irony of the situation was that he stole the money which she had already planned to give him.
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Let The Cat Out Of The Bag:
(idiom)Fig. to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident.
To share a secret that wasn't suppose to be shared.
 When Bill glanced at the door, he let the cat out of the bag. We knew then that he was expecting someone to arrive. It's a secret. Try not to let the cat out of the bag.
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TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 31 to 35]
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 21 to 25] 
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EXTRA WORDS PART 2
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GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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differ[dif·fer]
intr.v. dif·fered, dif·fer·ing, dif·fers
1. To be dissimilar or unlike in nature, quality, amount, or form: Ambition differs from greed.
2. To be of a different opinion; disagree: The critic differed with the author on several facts.
3. Obsolete To quarrel; dispute.Our views differ; Her house differs from mine.I think we will have to agree to differ.
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differentiate [dif·fer·en·shi·ate]
v. dif·fer·en·ti·at·ed, dif·fer·en·ti·at·ing, dif·fer·en·ti·ates
v.tr.
1. To constitute the distinction between: subspecies that are differentiated by the markings on their wings.
2. To perceive or show the difference in or between; discriminate.
3. To make different by alteration or modification.
4. Mathematics To calculate the derivative or differential of (a function).
v.intr.
1. To become distinct or specialized; acquire a different character.
2. To make distinctions; discriminate.
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differential[dif·fer·en·shial]
adj.
1. Of, relating to, or showing a difference.
2. Constituting or making a difference; distinctive.
3. Dependent on or making use of a specific difference or distinction.
4. Mathematics Of or relating to differentiation.
5. Involving differences in speed or direction of motion.
n.
1. Mathematics
a. An infinitesimal increment in a variable.
b. The product of the derivative of a function containing one variable and the increment of the independent variable.
2. Differential gear.
3. A difference between comparable things, as in wage rate or in price.
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comparison[kam·par·i·son]
n.
1.
a. The act of comparing or the process of being compared.
b. A statement or estimate of similarities and differences.
2. The quality of being similar or equivalent; likeness: no comparison between the two books.
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contrast[kan·trast]
v. con·trast·ed, con·trast·ing, con·trasts
v.tr.
To set in opposition in order to show or emphasize differences: an essay that contrasts city and country life; contrasted this computer with inferior models.
v.intr.
1. To show differences when compared: siblings who contrast sharply in interests and abilities; a color that contrasted clearly with the dark background.
n.
1.
a. The act of contrasting; a setting off of dissimilar entities or objects.
b. The state of being contrasted: red berries standing in vivid contrast against the snow.
2. A difference, especially a strong dissimilarity, between entities or objects compared: the contrast between Northern and Southern speech patterns.
3. One thing that is strikingly dissimilar to another: My new school was a welcome contrast to the one before.
4. The use of opposing elements, such as colors, forms, or lines, in proximity to produce an intensified effect in a work of art.
Her words contrast with her action.Contrast fresh and frozen fruits and you'll find the fresh ones taste better.The contrast between their attitudes is very marked.
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compare[kam·pare]
v. com·pared, com·par·ing, com·pares
v.tr.
1. To consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; liken.
2. To examine in order to note the similarities or differences of.
v.intr.
1. To be worthy of comparison; bear comparison: two concert halls that just do not compare.
2. To draw comparisons.
n.
Comparison: a musician beyond compare.
If you compare his calculations with hers you will find hers more accurate; This is a good story compared with your last one.She compared him to a donkey.The shops were not at all comparable in size.
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distinguish[dis·tin·gwish]
v. dis·tin·guished, dis·tin·guish·ing, dis·tin·guish·es
v.tr.
1. To perceive as being different or distinct.
2. To perceive distinctly; discern: distinguished the masts of ships on the horizon.
3. To make noticeable or different; set apart.
4. To cause (oneself) to be eminent or recognized: They have distinguished themselves as dedicated social workers.
v.intr.
To perceive or indicate differences; discriminate: distinguish between right and wrong.
What distinguishes this bookshop from all the others?He could just distinguish the make of a car rushing away.He distinguished himself at school by winning a prize in baseball.
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distinctive[dis·tingk·tive]
adj.
1. Serving to identify; distinguishing: distinctive tribal tattoos.
2. Characteristic or typical.
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distinction[dis·tingk·tion]
n.
1. The act of distinguishing; differentiation.
2. The condition or fact of being dissimilar or distinct; OR difference.
3. A distinguishing factor, attribute, or characteristic.
4.
a. Excellence or eminence, as of performance, character, or reputation: a diplomat of distinction.
b. A special feature or quality conferring superiority.
5. Recognition of achievement or superiority; honor: graduated with distinction.
Thinking it a mark of distinction, the car grew proud of his bell and went tinkling it all over the marketplace.
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EXTRA WORDS PART 3
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GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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back out
1. To withdraw from something before completion.
2. To fail to keep a commitment or promise.
She backed out of the driveway.
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sever[sev.er]
v. sev·ered, sev·er·ing, sev·ers
v.tr.
1. To set or keep apart; divide or separate.
2. To cut off (a part) from a whole.
3. To break up (a relationship, for example); dissolve. OR separate.
v.intr.
1. To become cut or broken apart.
2. To become separated or divided from each other.
He severed relations with his family.His arm was severed in the accident.
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quash[kwash]
tr.v. quashed, quash·ing, quash·es
To set aside or annul, especially by judicial action.
The government quashes any attempt of an uprising.
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suppress[sup·press ]
tr.v. sup·pressed, sup·press·ing, sup·press·es
1. To put an end to forcibly; subdue.
2. To curtail or prohibit the activities of.
3. To keep from being revealed, published, or circulated.
4. To deliberately exclude (unacceptable desires or thoughts) from the mind.
5. To inhibit the expression of (an impulse, for example); check: suppress a smile.
6. To reduce the incidence or severity of (a hemorrhage or cough, for example); arrest.I was obliged to suppress a smile.
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deter[de.tor]
v. de·terred, de·ter·ring, de·ters
v.tr.
To prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt OR dissuade.
v.intr.
To prevent or discourage the occurrence of an action, as by means of fear or doubt.It's this edge that gives nuclear weapons their power to deter.
She was not deterred by his threats.The possession of nuclear weapons by nations is thought to be a deterrent against nuclear war itself; a deterrent effect.
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dissuade[dis.swade]
tr.v. dis·suad·ed, dis·suad·ing, dis·suades
To deter (a person) from a course of action or a purpose by persuasion or exhortation: dissuaded my friend from pursuing such a rash scheme. OR dissuade, deter OR discourage.I tried to dissuade him from his foolish intention.

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give up
1.
a. To surrender: The suspects gave themselves up.
b. To devote (oneself) completely: gave herself up to her work.
2.
a. To cease to do or perform: gave up their search.
b. To desist from; stop: gave up smoking.
3. To part with; relinquish: gave up the apartment; gave up all hope.
4.
a. To lose hope for: We had given the dog up as lost.
b. To lose hope of seeing: We'd given you up an hour ago.
5. To admit defeat.
6. To abandon what one is doing or planning to do: gave up on writing the novel.
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cancel[kan.sel]
v. can·celed also can·celled, can·cel·ing also can·cel·ling, can·cels also can·cels
v.tr.
1. To cross out with lines or other markings. OR erase.
2. To annul or invalidate.
3. To mark or perforate (a postage stamp or check, for example) to indicate that it may not be used again.
4. To equalize or make up for; offset: Today's decline in stock price canceled out yesterday's gain.
v.intr.
To neutralize one another; counterbalance: two opposing forces that canceled out.He cancelled his interview.
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remove[re.move]
v. re·moved, re·mov·ing, re·moves
v.tr.
1. To move from a place or position occupied: removed the cups from the table.
2. To transfer or convey from one place to another: removed the family to Texas.
3. To take off: removed my boots.
4. To take away; withdraw: removed the candidate's name from consideration.
5. To do away with; eliminate: remove a stain.
6. To dismiss from an office or position.
v.intr.
1. To change one's place of residence or business; move.
2. To go away; depart.
3. To be removable: paint that removes with water.
n.
1. The act of removing; removal.
---------------------------------------------------------
turn down
1. To diminish the speed, volume, intensity, or flow of: Turn down the radio, please.
2. To reject or refuse, as a person, advice, or a suggestion: turned down the invitation.
3. To fold or be capable of folding down: turn a collar down; a collar that turns down.
---------------------------------------------------------------
put an end to something
(idiom)
to stop something put a stop to something The lights went out, and that put an end to our game of cards
--------------------------------------------------------------
delete[de·leet]
tr.v. de·let·ed, de·let·ing, de·letes
To remove by striking out or canceling: deleted some unnecessary words in the first draft. OR erase.
Delete her name from the rolls.
---------------------------------------------------------------
repeal[re.peel]
tr.v. re·pealed, re·peal·ing, re·peals
1. To revoke or rescind, especially by an official or formal act.
2. Obsolete To summon back or recall, especially from exile.
3.withdraw,cancel,reverse,nullify
n.
The act or process of repealing.
------------------------------------------------------------------
rescind[re.scind]
tr.v. re·scind·ed, re·scind·ing, re·scinds
To make void; repeal or annul.withdraw,cancel,reverse,nullify.You will rescind that order immediately.
------------------------------------------------------------------
deny[denaai]
tr.v. de·nied, de·ny·ing, de·nies
1. To declare untrue; contradict.
2. To refuse to believe; reject.
3. To refuse to recognize or acknowledge; disavow.
4.
a. To decline to grant or allow; refuse: deny the student's request; denied the prisoner food or water.
b. To give a refusal to; turn down or away: The protesters were determined not to be denied.
c. To restrain (oneself) especially from indulgence in pleasures
She denied that she had killed her.He was denied admission to the lab.Do you accept his denial?
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 

EXTRA WORDS PART 4
------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOSSARY:- n-Noun ||Adj.-Adjective || v.-Verb ||v.tr.-Transitive verb ||v.intr.- Intransitive verb || conj.-Conjunction. || Prep.-Preposition || Adv.-Adverb || Pl.- Plural .The words written in the square brackets adjacent to each top 6 words is the way to pronounce it.For example ,niche[neesh],where niche is one of the top 6 words and the [neesh] written in square brackets is the way to pronounce it.
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evaporate [e·vap·o·rate]
v. e·vap·o·rat·ed, e·vap·o·rat·ing, e·vap·o·rates
v.tr.
1.
a. To convert or change into a vapor.
b. To draw off in the form of vapor.
2. To draw moisture from, as by heating, leaving only the dry solid portion.
3. To deposit (a metal) on a substrate by vacuum sublimation.
v.intr.
1.
a. To change into vapor.
b. To pass off in or as vapor.
2. To produce vapor.
3. To disappear; vanish: Our fears at last evaporated. OR disappear.
--------------------------------------
explode [eks·plode]
v. ex·plod·ed, ex·plod·ing, ex·plodes
v.intr.
1. To release mechanical, chemical, or nuclear energy by the sudden production of gases in a confined space: The bomb exploded.
2. To burst violently as a result of internal pressure.
3. To shatter with a loud noise: The vase exploded into tiny pieces when it hit the floor.
4. To make an emotional outburst: My neighbor exploded in rage at the trespassers.
5. To increase suddenly, sharply, and without control: The population level in this area has exploded during the past 10 years.
6. To change state or appearance suddenly: Over the weekend the trees exploded with color.
7. Sports To hit a golf ball out of a sand trap with a shot that scatters the sand.
v.tr.
1. To cause to release energy or burst violently and noisily:
Phrasal Verb:
bounce back
To recover quickly, as from a setback: The patient bounced back to good health.
----------------------------------------------------------------
crumble[krum.ble]
v. crum·bled, crum·bling, crum·bles
v.tr.
To break into small fragments or particles.
v.intr.
1. To fall into small fragments or particles; disintegrate. See Synonyms at decay.
2. To give way; collapse: an ego that crumbles under pressure.
n.
A baked dessert of fruit topped with a crumbly pastry mixture: cherry crumble.
--------------------------------------------------------------
bounce(bouns)
v. bounced, bounc·ing, bounc·es
v.intr.
1. To rebound after having struck an object or a surface.
2. To move jerkily; bump: The car bounced over the potholes.
3. To bound: children bouncing into the room.
4. To be sent back by a bank as valueless: a check that bounced.
5. Baseball To hit a ground ball to an infielder: The batter bounced out to the shortstop.
v.tr.
1. To cause to strike an object or a surface and rebound: bounce a ball on the sidewalk.
2. To present or propose for comment or approval. Often used with off: bounced a few ideas off my boss.
3. Slang
a. To expel by force.
b. To dismiss from employment. See Synonyms at dismiss.
4. To write (a check) on an overdrawn bank account.
n.
1. A rebound.
2. A sudden bound, spring, or leap.
3. The capacity to rebound; spring: a ball with bounce.
4. Spirit; liveliness.
5. Slang Expulsion; dismissal.
6. Chiefly British Loud, arrogant speech; bluster.
Phrasal Verb:
bounce back
To recover quickly, as from a setback: The patient bounced back to good health.
---------------------------------------------------------------
trickle[trick·le]
v. trick·led, trick·ling, trick·les
v.intr.
1. To flow or fall in drops or in a thin stream.
2. To move or proceed slowly or bit by bit: The audience trickled in.
v.tr.
To cause to trickle.
n.
1. The act or condition of trickling.
2. A slow, small, or irregular quantity that moves, proceeds, or occurs intermittently.
Blood was trickling down his face.
---------------------------------------------------------------
wobble[wab·ble]
v. wob·bled also wab·bled, wob·bling also wab·bling, wob·bles also wab·bles
v.intr.
1. To move or rotate with an uneven or rocking motion or unsteadily from side to side.
2. To tremble or quaver: The child's voice wobbled with emotion.
3. To waver or vacillate in one's opinions or feelings.
v.tr.
To cause to wobble.
n.
1. The act or an instance of wobbling; unsteady motion.
2. A tremulous, uncertain tone or sound: a vocal wobble.
The bicycle wobbled and the kid fell off.This wheel has a bit of a wobble.
-----------------------------------------------------------
congeal [kun.jeal]
v. con·gealed, con·geal·ing, con·geals
v.intr.
1. To solidify by or as if by freezing.
2. To coagulate; jell.
v.tr.
To cause to solidify or coagulate or to undergo a process likened to solidification or coagulation. OR coagulate.
-----------------------------------------------------
smoulder [smol.der]
vb (intr)
1. to burn slowly without flame, usually emitting smoke
2. (esp of anger, etc.) to exist in a suppressed or half-suppressed state
3. to have strong repressed or half repressed feelings, esp anger
n
1. dense smoke, as from a smouldering fire
2. a smouldering fire.
Whole blocks had been turned into smouldering rubble.He smouldered as he drove home for lunch.
A piece of coal had fallen out of the fire and the hearthrug was smouldering.
---------------------------------------------------------
erupt[e·rupt]
v. e·rupt·ed, e·rupt·ing, e·rupts
v.intr.
1. To emerge violently from restraint or limits; explode: My neighbor erupted in anger over the noise.
2. To become violently active: The volcano erupted after years of dormancy.
3. To force out or release something, such as steam, with violence or suddenness.
4.
a. To break through the gums in developing. Used of teeth.
b. To appear on the skin. Used of a rash or blemish.
v.tr.
To force out violently.
-------------------------------------------------------
revolve[re·volve]
v. re·volved, re·volv·ing, re·volves
v.intr.
1. To orbit a central point.
2. To turn on an axis; rotate. See Synonyms at turn.
3. To recur in cycles or at periodic intervals.
4. To be held in the mind and considered in turn.
5. To be centered: Their troubles revolve around money management.
v.tr.
1. To cause to revolve.
2. To ponder or reflect on.
-------------------------------------------------------
spin[sp.in]
n.
1. (Informal) A short drive in a vehicle: took a spin in the new car.
v.tr.
1.  To cause to rotate swiftly; twirl.
2.
a. To draw out and twist (fibers) into thread.
b. To form (thread or yarn) in this manner.
3. To form (a web or cocoon, for example) by extruding viscous filaments.
-----------------------------------------------------
slide[sl.ayd]
v.intr.
1. To move over a surface while maintaining smooth continuous contact.
2. To coast on a slippery surface, such as ice or snow.
3. To pass smoothly and quietly; glide: slid past the door without anyone noticing.
v.tr.
1. To cause to slide or slip: slid the glass down to the other end of the counter.
n.
1. A sliding movement or action.
2. A smooth surface or track for sliding, usually inclined: a water slide.
doors that slide open children sliding on the ice.
-----------------------------------------------------------
erode[e·road]
v. e·rod·ed, e·rod·ing, e·rodes
v.tr.
1. To wear (something) away by or as if by abrasion: Waves eroded the shore.
2. To eat into; corrode.
3. To make or form by wearing away: The river eroded a deep valley.
4. To cause to diminish or deteriorate as if by eating into or wearing away
v.intr.
To become worn or eaten away: The cliffs have eroded over the centuries. Public confidence in the administration eroded.
---------------------------------------------------------
meander[me·yan·der]
intr.v. me·an·dered, me·an·der·ing, me·an·ders
1. To follow a winding and turning course: Streams tend to meander through level land.
2. To move aimlessly and idly without fixed direction: vagabonds meandering through life. See Synonyms at wander.

n.
1. meanders Circuitous windings or sinuosities, as of a stream or path.
2. A circuitous journey or excursion; ramble. Often used in the plural.
3. An ornamental pattern of winding or intertwining lines, used in art and architecture.
The river meandered in lazy curves.His writing meanders all over the page.
-------------------------------------------------------
subside [sub·side ]
intr.v. sub·sid·ed, sub·sid·ing, sub·sides
1. To sink to a lower or normal level.
2. To sink or settle down, as into a sofa.
3. To sink to the bottom, as a sediment.
4. To become less agitated or active; abate. OR decrease.
When a building starts to subside, cracks usually appear in the walls.Gradually the water subsided.They stayed anchored in harbour till the wind subsided.The road has had to be closed because of subsidence.
-------------------------------------------------------
discriminate[dis·crim·i·nate]
v. dis·crim·i·nat·ed, dis·crim·i·nat·ing, dis·crim·i·nates
v.intr.
1.
a. To make a clear distinction; distinguish: discriminate among the options available.
b. To make sensible decisions; judge wisely.
2. To make distinctions on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit; show preference or prejudice: was accused of discriminating against women; discriminated in favor of his cronies.
v.tr.
1. To perceive the distinguishing features of; recognize as distinct: discriminate right from wrong.
2. To distinguish by noting differences; differentiate: unable to discriminate colors.
3. To make or constitute a distinction in or between: methods that discriminate science from pseudoscience.
He is incapable of discriminating between a good idea and a bad one.
----------------------------------
discretion[dis.kre.shion]
n.
1. The quality of being discreet; circumspection or the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid social embarrassment or distress. or prudence.
2. Ability or power to decide responsibly.
3. Freedom to act or judge on one's own: All the decisions were left to our discretion.
-----------------------------------------------------------
discrepancy[dis.krep.an.ci]
n. pl. dis·crep·an·cies
1. Divergence or disagreement, as between facts or claims; difference.
2. An instance of divergence or disagreement. OR difference.A discrepancy exists between things which ought to be the same; it can be small but is usually significant.
---------------------------------------------------------------
chalk and cheese
(idiom)
its commonly used phrase in UK.
Meaning--- two things that are might possibly be confused but which are in fact very different.
--------------------------------------
cats and dogs
(idiom)
meaning-Raining very heavily.
-----------------------------------
whereas [where.as]
conj.
1. It being the fact that; inasmuch as.
2. While at the same time.
3. While on the contrary.
n.
1. An introductory statement to a formal document.
2. A conditional statement.I like to dance whereas he likes to play football.
------------------------------------------------------------
whereby[where.by]
conj.
In accordance with which; by or through which.
whereby does he recognize me?the means whereby he took his life.
--------------------------------------------
wherefore [where·for]
adv.
1. For what purpose or reason; why.
2. Therefore.
n.
A purpose or cause: wanted to know all the whys and wherefores.
----------------------------------------------- 

TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 31 to 35]
TOP 6 WORDS[DAY 21 to 25] 
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[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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EXTRA WORDS PART 10
----------------------------------
deport[de·port]
tr.v. de·port·ed, de·port·ing, de·ports
1. To expel from a country. OR banish.
2. To behave or conduct (oneself) in a given manner; comport.
Government decided to deport all illegal immigrants.
------------------------------------
expatriate[eks·pay·tree·ate]
v. ex·pa·tri·at·ed, ex·pa·tri·at·ing, ex·pa·tri·ates
v.tr.
1. To send into exile. OR banish.
2. To remove (oneself) from residence in one's native land.
v.intr.
1. To give up residence in one's homeland.
2. To renounce allegiance to one's homeland.
The military is preparing to evacuate women and children of expatriate families.
------------------------------------
repatriate[re·pay·tree·ate]
tr.v. re·pat·ri·at·ed, re·pat·ri·at·ing, re·pat·ri·ates
To restore or return to the country of birth, citizenship, or origin: repatriate war refugees.
-------------------------------------
immigrate[im·mee·grate]
v. im·mi·grat·ed, im·mi·grat·ing, im·mi·grates
v.intr.
To enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native. OR migrate.
v.tr.
To send or introduce as immigrants.
immigration
n
1. the movement of non-native people into a country in order to settle there
2. the part of a port, airport, etc. where government employees examine the passports, visas, etc. of foreign nationals entering the country
immigrational  adj.
Britain immigrated many colonists to the New World.
------------------------------------------
emigrate[yem·a·grate]
intr.v. em·i·grat·ed, em·i·grat·ing, em·i·grates
To leave one country or region to settle in another. OR migrate.
n.emigration
the huge emigration of workers to the West
--------------------------------------------
UNHCR
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR; established December 14, 1950) is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
-----------------------------------------------
persona non grata[non. gra·ta]
persona means person here.
n.
1. an unacceptable or unwelcome person
2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a diplomatic or consular officer who is not acceptable to the government or sovereign to whom he or she is accredited
adj.
Fully unacceptable or unwelcome, especially to a foreign government: The diplomat was persona non grata.
------------------------------------------------
culture shock
n.
A condition of confusion and anxiety affecting a person suddenly exposed to an alien/foreign culture.
------------------------------------------------
refugee[ref·u·jee]
n.
One who flees in search of refuge, as in times of war, political oppression, or religious persecution.
a refugee camp a refugee problem
----------------------------------------------
disembark[dis·im·bark]
v. dis·em·barked, dis·em·bark·ing, dis·em·barks
v.intr.
1. To go ashore from a ship.
2. To leave a vehicle or aircraft.
v.tr.
To take ashore from a ship.
The passengers disembarked at Southampton.
--------------------------------------
offender[of·fend·er]
n.
One that offends, especially one that breaks a public law: a corrections institution for youthful offenders.
Sex offenders often attack again when they are released.
----------------------------------------
solicitor[so·lis·i·tor]
n.
1. One that solicits, especially one that seeks trade or contributions.
2. The chief law officer of a city, town, or government department.
3. Chiefly British An attorney who advises clients on legal matters, represents clients in certain lower courts, and prepares cases for barristers to present in the higher courts.
4. Canadian A barrister and solicitor.
-------------------------------------------
corporal punishment
n.
punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating
--------------------------------------------
misdeed[mis·deed]
n.
A wrong or illegal deed; a wrongdoing.
an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor
----------------------------------------------
capital punishment
n.
The penalty of death for the commission of a crime.
----------------------------------------------
plead[pleed]
v. plead·ed or pled
v.intr.
1. To appeal earnestly; beg: plead for more time.
2. To offer reasons for or against something; argue earnestly: plead against a bill.
3. To provide an argument or appeal: Your youth pleads for you in this instance.
4. Law
a. To put forward a plea of a specific nature in court: plead guilty.
b. To make or answer an allegation in a legal proceeding
c. To address a court as a lawyer or advocate.
v.tr.
1. To assert as defense, vindication, or excuse; claim as a plea: plead illness.
2. Law
a. To present as an answer to a charge, indictment, or declaration made against one.
b. To argue or present (a case) in a court or similar tribunal.
----------------------------------------------------------
parole[pa·role]
n.
1. Law
a. Early release of a prisoner who is then subject to continued monitoring as well as compliance with certain terms and conditions for a specified period.
b. The duration of such conditional release.
2. A password used by an officer of the day, an officer on guard, or the personnel commanded by such an officer.
----------------------------------------------------------
retribution[ret·ra·bu·shion]
n.
1. Something justly deserved; recompense.
2. Something given or demanded in repayment, especially punishment.
He decided to get his retribution in first.
-------------------------------------------------------  

blacklegs
n
1. Also called scab (British)
a.  a person who acts against the interests of a trade union, as by continuing to work during a strike or taking over a striker's job
------------------------------------------
asylum[a·sy·lum]
n.
1. An institution for the care of people, especially those with physical or mental impairments, who require organized supervision or assistance.
2. A place offering protection and safety; a shelter.
3. A place, such as a church, formerly constituting an inviolable refuge for criminals or debtors.
4. The protection afforded by a sanctuary. OR shelter.
5. Protection and immunity from extradition granted by a government to a political refugee from another country.
He was granted political asylum.
-------------------------------------------
squatter[skwa.tt.er]
n
1. (Law) a person who occupies property or land to which he has no legal title
-------------------------------------
genocide [gen·o·side ]
n.
The systematic and widespread extermination or attempted extermination of an entire national, racial, religious, or ethnic group.
---------------------------------------
extremist [eks·trem·ist ]
n.
One who advocates or resorts to measures beyond the norm, especially in politics. OR radical
---------------------------------------------
rebel[re·bel]
ntr.v. re·belled, re·bel·ling, re·bels
1. To refuse allegiance to and oppose by force an established government or ruling authority.
2. To resist or defy an authority or a generally accepted convention.
3. To feel or express strong unwillingness or repugnance: She rebelled at the unwelcome suggestion.
---------------------------------------- 

salmonella [sal·mo·nel·la ]
n.
Any of various rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Salmonella, many of which are pathogenic, causing food poisoning, typhoid, and paratyphoid fever in humans and other infectious diseases in domestic animals.
----------------------------------------
listeria [lis·te·ri·a ]
n.
Any of various rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria of the genus Listeria, which includes the causative agent of listeriosis.
---------------------------------------------- 

subsidize[sub·sa·dise]
tr.v. sub·si·dized, sub·si·diz·ing, sub·si·diz·es
1. To assist or support with a subsidy.
2. To secure the assistance of by granting a subsidy.
n.subsidy
1.  Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person or group in support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest.
2. Financial assistance given by one person or government to another. 

----------------------------------------- 
pedestrian[pe·des·tri·an]
n.
A person traveling on foot; a walker.
adj.
1. Of, relating to, or made for pedestrians: a pedestrian bridge.
2. Going or performed on foot: a pedestrian journey.
3. Undistinguished; ordinary: pedestrian prose. OR dull.
In Los Angeles, a pedestrian is a rare spectacle.
---------------------------------------- 

cosmopolitan[kos·mo·pol·i·tan ]
adj.
1. Pertinent or common to the whole world: an issue of cosmopolitan import.
2. Having constituent elements from all over the world or from many different parts of the world: the ancient and cosmopolitan societies of Syria and Egypt.
3. So sophisticated as to be at home in all parts of the world or conversant with many spheres of interest: a cosmopolitan traveler.
The population of London is very cosmopolitan.
----------------------------------------
metropolis[me·trop·o·lis]
n.
1. A major city, especially the chief city of a country or region: Chicago, the metropolis of the Midwest.
2. A city or an urban area regarded as the center of a specific activity: a great cultural metropolis.
------------------------------------------
amenity[a·men·i·tee]
n. pl. a·men·i·ties
1. The quality of being pleasant or attractive; agreeableness.
2. Something that contributes to physical or material comfort.
3. A feature that increases attractiveness or value, especially of a piece of real estate or a geographic location.
4. amenities Social courtesies.
----------------------------------------
anonymity[an·o·nim·i·tee]
n. pl. an·o·nym·i·ties
1. The quality or state of being unknown or unacknowledged.
2. One that is unknown or unacknowledged.
Both mother and daughter have requested anonymity.
---------------------------------------
Urban sprawl[ar.ban .sp.rol]
Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area.
--------------------------------------
commute[Kom·mute]
v. com·mut·ed, com·mut·ing, com·mutes
v.intr.
1. To travel as a commuter.
2.
a. To make substitution or exchange.
b. To serve as a substitute.
He commutes to London every day.
----------------------------------------
dwell[dw.al]
intr.v. dwelt or dwelled, dwell·ing, dwells
1.  To live as a resident; reside.
2. To exist in a given place or state: dwell in joy.
3.
a. To fasten one's attention: kept dwelling on what went wrong. OR brood.
b. To speak or write at length; expatiate: dwelt on the need to trim the budget.
The number of city dwellers is growing.
--------------------------------
pre·cinct[pre·sinkt]
n.
1.
a. A subdivision or district of a city or town under the jurisdiction of or patrolled by a specific unit of its police force.
b. The police station situated in and having jurisdiction over such a district.
2. An election district of a city or town.
------------------------------------------- 

derelict[der·a·likt]
adj.
1. Deserted by an owner or keeper; abandoned.
2. Run-down; dilapidated.
3. Neglectful of duty or obligation; remiss. OR negligent.
n.
1. Abandoned property, especially a ship abandoned at sea.
2. A homeless or jobless person; a vagrant.
3. Law Land left dry by a permanent recession of the water line.
His body was found dumped in a derelict warehouse.
----------------------------------------------
slump[slump]
intr.v. slumped, slump·ing, slumps
1. To fall or sink heavily; collapse: She slumped, exhausted, onto the sofa.
2. To droop, as in sitting or standing; slouch.
3.
a. To decline suddenly; fall off: Business slumped after the holidays.
b. To perform poorly or inadequately: The team has been slumping for a month.
4.
a. To sink or settle, as into mud or slush.
b. To slide down or spread out thickly, as mud or fresh concrete.
n.
1. The act or an instance of slumping.
2. A drooping or slouching posture: read defeat in the slump of his shoulders.
3. A sudden falling off or decline, as in activity, prices, or business: a stock market slump; a slump in farm prices.
4. An extended period of poor performance, especially in a sport or competitive activity: a slump in a batting average.
-----------------------------------------
scrum [skrum ]
n.
1. Sports
a. A play in Rugby in which the two sets of forwards mass together around the ball and, with their heads down, struggle to gain possession of the ball.
b. The mass or formation of players during such a play.
2. Chiefly British A disordered or confused situation involving a number of people.
intr.v. scrummed, scrum·ming, scrums
To engage in a scrum.
--------------------------------------------
slum[slum]
n.
A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. Often used in the plural.
intr.v. slummed, slum·ming, slums
To visit impoverished areas or squalid locales, especially out of curiosity or for amusement.
I grew up in a slum in the East End.
------------------------------------------- 

eyesore[eye.sore]
n.
Something, such as a distressed building, that is unpleasant or offensive to view.
Slums are an eyesore and a health hazard.
------------------------------------------
facade[fa·sad]
n.
1. The face of a building, especially the principal face.
2. An artificial or deceptive front
------------------------------------------ 

gross[gro.s]
dj. gross·er, gross·est
1.
a. Exclusive of deductions; total: gross profits. OR whole.
--------------------------------------
net[ney.t]
adj.
1. Business
a. Remaining after all deductions have been made, as for expenses: net profit.
b. Remaining after tare is deducted: net weight.
2. Ultimate; final: the net result.
------------------------------------
retail[re.tail]
n.
The sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.
adj.
Of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods or commodities at retail.
adv.
1. In retail quantities.
2. At a retail price.
-----------------------------------
shop floor
n
1. (Business / Commerce) the part of a factory housing the machines and men directly involved in production
2. (Business / Industrial Relations & HR Terms)
a.  workers, esp factory workers organized in a union
b.  (as modifier) shop-floor protest
----------------------------------- 

lay off
1. To terminate the employment of (a worker), especially temporarily.
------------------------------------
deficit[def·i·cit]
n.
1.
a. Inadequacy or insufficiency: a deficit in grain production.
b. A deficiency or impairment in mental or physical functioning.
c. An unfavorable condition or position; a disadvantage: rallied from a three-game deficit to win the playoffs.
2.
a. The amount by which a sum of money falls short of the required or expected amount; a shortage: large budget deficits.
b. A business loss.
----------------------------------
au·to·ma·tion[au·to·may·shion]
n.
1. The automatic operation or control of equipment, a process, or a system.
2. The techniques and equipment used to achieve automatic operation or control.
3. The condition of being automatically controlled or operated.
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famine[fam·in]
n.
1. A drastic, wide-reaching food shortage.
2. A drastic shortage; a dearth.
3. Severe hunger; starvation.
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hurricane [hur·ri·kain ]
n.
1. A severe tropical cyclone having winds greater than 64 knots (74 miles per hour; 119 kilometers per hour), originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, traveling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains.
2. A wind with a speed greater than 64 knots (74 miles per hour; 119 kilometers per hour per hour), according to the Beaufort scale.
3. Something resembling a hurricane in force or speed
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torrential [tor·ren·shial]
adj.
1. Resembling, flowing in, or forming torrents: torrential mountain streams; a torrential downpour.
2. Resulting from the action of fast-flowing streams: torrential erosion.
3. Flowing or surging abundantly; wild: torrential applause.
Torrential rain left thousands stranded last night.
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epidemic[ep·i·dem·ik]
adj.
1. Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time: an epidemic outbreak of influenza.
2. Widely prevalent: epidemic discontent.
n.
1. An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely.
2. A rapid spread, growth, or development: an unemployment epidemic.
A flu epidemic is sweeping through Britain.
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typhoon[tai·phoon]
n.
A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans.
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casualty[ka.shua.ltee]
1. an accident; an accidental wound; death or disablement from an accident; also the person so injured.
2. in the armed forces, one missing from their unit as a result of death, injury, illness, capture, because their whereabouts are unknown, or other reasons.
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[Note:-The meanings,usage,pronunciation,sample sentences and related details are obtained from various sources.Please click here REFERENCES for details of sources.My role is limited to finding suitable words and editing the content for our intended purpose of finding new words.]
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